Funds from this grant support the launch of a large-scale longitudinal field study aimed at understanding the “scientific productivity function,” the process that transforms research inputs (including grants, expertise, and equipment) into research outputs (including papers, patents, and students). Designed by Kyle Myers of Harvard Business School, Karim Lakhani, founding director of the Laboratory for Innovation at Harvard, Jerry and Marie Thursby, and with input from Dashun Wang, founding director of the Center for Science of Science and Innovation at Northwestern’s Kellogg School of Management, the effort will survey working scientists across the United States about how they conduct their work. Questions will focus on tracking and measuring four major determinants of scientific productivity: researcher preferences; resource allocation; management practices; and collaborative vs. competitive behaviors. In order to make sure the survey reaches a large, diverse, and representative sample of both physical and social scientists, the team has partnered with professional societies like the American Association for the Advancement of Science to help administer and promote it. The collected data will provide useful and necessary groundwork for the rigorous study of the determinants of scientific productivity that can be used to inform public discussion and policy about the most effective ways to support science and science-driven innovation.